The structure of a building is like skeleton of our body. Without it a building could not stand upright and without a skeleton, we would be a blob of flesh on ground.

So just like I said in an earlier article, if Hydraulic Engineer did not get water to 2nd level of a house or 30th floor of an apartment building, there would not be much point in constructing building in first place.

So all these professions link together in a co-dependent relationship when creating a modern building.

Just think about last tall building you saw. Now think about all forces that come into play. The obvious one it weight of concrete and steel. Then of course is weight of all equipment, furniture, windows, cars and personal possessions of occupants.

All of this weight has a vertical impact and must be calculated by structural designer, so that foundations are of sufficient strength and are founded on some solid sub-strata natural material, like rock.

How does structural engineer handle this weight if there is no rock, say 20 metres under building. Can you see how things can get complicated?

OK, weight factor is an obvious one. But what about 'wind?' This building that is being designed will be sticking up in air, say 150 metres.

Imagine a strong wind of 100 miles (km) an hour hits southern facade of building or any of other three sides. If you were living inside, you would not like to feel building move - not even a fraction of an inch, would you?

If wind is a hale or rain storm and wind carrying it is swirling around and not coming from a fixed direction, building may be experiencing a 'twisting' motion. Once again, you would not like to feel building move a fraction of an inch.

What about if building is going to be erected on an absolute beach front location.

What happens if sea invades inland in storm force gales and erodes a great deal of sand from around foundations and also has forces I described above.

These are just some of forces Structural Engineer must allow for in his/her design. The design, not only takes these forces and conditions into account, but must also take account of historical precedent of past major storms or floods.

You may have heard people talk of Flood of 1974 (my region) of Hurricanes of 2004 in Florida. Well, all of these must be recorded and added to history of floods and storms of 50 - 100 years ago (or longer) that may have occurred in your area of interest.

Having taken all this into account, Structural Engineer, must design a structure that in his/her opinion is safe for citizens as well as occupants.

It may be of interest to readers that one of roles of Local Authority's Building Department is to check that calculations are correct.

Now, not all of us are going to build high rise buildings, but I hope it is easier to understand forces at play on a big building and then relate them to a smaller structure most individual developers with build.

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